Research — Campaign Zero

Read the research studies, articles, and other documents on this page to learn more about the historical context, effectiveness, and key considerations for implementing Campaign Zero policy solutions. Email feedback@joincampaignzero.org to propose documents to be added to this page.

Last Updated 3.27.18

Readings

Why Broken Windows is not an effective approach to policing

Why Broken Windows is not an effective approach to policing

Study finds over-policing increases crime

Study finds over-policing increases crime

The racist, classist origins of Broken Windows policing

The racist, classist origins of Broken Windows policing

Study: Ending broken windows policing would make communities safer

Study: Ending broken windows policing would make communities safer

Why public disorder doesn't lead to serious crime

Why public disorder doesn't lead to serious crime

Ending Racial Profiling and Stop & Frisk

Ending Racial Profiling and Stop & Frisk

How Stops & Frisks have been reduced in NYC

How Stops & Frisks have been reduced in NYC

Crisis Intervention Teams as a response to Mental Health Crises

Crisis Intervention Teams as a response to Mental Health Crises

Effectiveness of Marijuana Decriminalization vs Legalization

Effectiveness of Marijuana Decriminalization vs Legalization

Evidence of Widespread Racial Profiling

Evidence of Widespread Racial Profiling

Data on Racial Disparities in Traffic Stops

Data on Racial Disparities in Traffic Stops

How community organizations reduce crime more than the police.

How community organizations reduce crime more than the police.

How Medicaid expansion and substance abuse treatment reduces crime

How Medicaid expansion and substance abuse treatment reduces crime

How police violence harm the community's mental health

How police violence harm the community's mental health

Readings

Study: civilian oversight structures 78% more likely to sustain misconduct complaints.

Study: civilian oversight structures 78% more likely to sustain misconduct complaints.

Review of Civilian Oversight Structures in 50 Largest US Cities

Review of Civilian Oversight Structures in 50 Largest US Cities

Evaluating different Civilian Oversight Models

Evaluating different Civilian Oversight Models

National directory of Civilian Oversight Agencies

National directory of Civilian Oversight Agencies

The benefits of Civilian Oversight of the police

The benefits of Civilian Oversight of the police

How Newark's new Civilian Oversight Board could be a model for the nation

How Newark's new Civilian Oversight Board could be a model for the nation

The conservative case for Civilian Oversight

The conservative case for Civilian Oversight

Readings

Study Shows More Restrictive Use of Force Policies Reduce Police Killings by 72%, Also Safer For Officers.

Study Shows More Restrictive Use of Force Policies Reduce Police Killings by 72%, Also Safer For Officers.

Mapping Police Violence database of killings by police

Mapping Police Violence database of killings by police

Analysis of police shootings data and impact of DOJ reforms

Analysis of police shootings data and impact of DOJ reforms

Why the US needs a stricter standard for use of deadly force

Why the US needs a stricter standard for use of deadly force

Data shows the most violent officers also influence other officers to be violent

Data shows the most violent officers also influence other officers to be violent

How structural racism contributes to police shootings

How structural racism contributes to police shootings

States Where Police Misconduct Records Are Kept From Public View

States Where Police Misconduct Records Are Kept From Public View

Best practices to limit police use of force

Best practices to limit police use of force

Analysis of Underreported Police Killings Data

Analysis of Underreported Police Killings Data

How the government fails to collect comprehensive data on police killings

How the government fails to collect comprehensive data on police killings

The challenge of collecting national use of force data

The challenge of collecting national use of force data

The effectiveness of Early Intervention Systems for police

The effectiveness of Early Intervention Systems for police

An analysis of police shootings involving moving vehicles

An analysis of police shootings involving moving vehicles

Why police should be prohibited from shooting at moving vehicles

Why police should be prohibited from shooting at moving vehicles

Why the Current Use of Deadly Force Standard Needs to Change

Why the Current Use of Deadly Force Standard Needs to Change

How Changing the Deadly Force Standard Reduced Police Killings

How Changing the Deadly Force Standard Reduced Police Killings

Evidence police kill unarmed black people because of their race

Evidence police kill unarmed black people because of their race

How police chases disproportionately impact black people

How police chases disproportionately impact black people

How police violence may increase crime in communities

How police violence may increase crime in communities

How comprehensive reporting requirements reduce police shootings

How comprehensive reporting requirements reduce police shootings

Analysis of Police Taser Deaths

Analysis of Police Taser Deaths

Campaign Zero Model Use of Force Policy

Campaign Zero Model Use of Force Policy

How Lexipol Gets Paid to Write 98% of CA Police Use of Force Policies

How Lexipol Gets Paid to Write 98% of CA Police Use of Force Policies

Readings

Model Legislation Establishing Special Prosecutor for Police Violence

Model Legislation Establishing Special Prosecutor for Police Violence

The data showing police are rarely charged with crimes after police killings

The data showing police are rarely charged with crimes after police killings

Why special prosecutors are needed in cases of police violence

Why special prosecutors are needed in cases of police violence

Why local prosecutors don't charge police with crimes

Why local prosecutors don't charge police with crimes

The status of statewide grand jury/prosecutor reforms

The status of statewide grand jury/prosecutor reforms

Legal considerations with special prosecutor and grand jury reforms

Legal considerations with special prosecutor and grand jury reforms

Readings

Data showing levels of racial diversity in U.S. police departments

Data showing levels of racial diversity in U.S. police departments

Why having a more diverse police force matters

Why having a more diverse police force matters

How officers' masculine self-image makes them more likely to use force against black men

How officers' masculine self-image makes them more likely to use force against black men

How female officers are less likely to use excessive force

How female officers are less likely to use excessive force

Evaluating residency requirements as a strategy to improve racial diversity of police departments

Evaluating residency requirements as a strategy to improve racial diversity of police departments

How black representation on the police force reduces police killings of black people

How black representation on the police force reduces police killings of black people

Fewer Black People are Killed by Police When Departments Are More Than 40% Black

Fewer Black People are Killed by Police When Departments Are More Than 40% Black

Readings

How Colorado Strengthened Civilians' Right to Film the Police

How Colorado Strengthened Civilians' Right to Film the Police

How to implement body cams in a way that promotes accountability and protects privacy

How to implement body cams in a way that promotes accountability and protects privacy

Considerations for implementing body cams

Considerations for implementing body cams

Study finds body cams don't reduce use of force, but also don't increase criminalization of communities

Study finds body cams don't reduce use of force, but also don't increase criminalization of communities

Data showing when and how often body cam video gets released

Data showing when and how often body cam video gets released

How body cams impacted use of force in San Diego

How body cams impacted use of force in San Diego

Critical Policy Issues to Make Body Cameras Effective

Critical Policy Issues to Make Body Cameras Effective

The dangers of body cams being misused as a tool for surveillance

The dangers of body cams being misused as a tool for surveillance

Why body cams need the right policies to be effective

Why body cams need the right policies to be effective

Considerations for making body cam footage accessible

Considerations for making body cam footage accessible

Why police shouldn't get to review body camera footage before they report

Why police shouldn't get to review body camera footage before they report

How body cameras only reduce use of force with good policies

How body cameras only reduce use of force with good policies

How Video Evidence Is Now Involved in Most Cases Where Police Are Charged

How Video Evidence Is Now Involved in Most Cases Where Police Are Charged

Learn About Body Camera Laws in Your State

Learn About Body Camera Laws in Your State

Readings

How racial bias informs police officers' decisions to shoot

How racial bias informs police officers' decisions to shoot

Characteristics of officers that predict violence against black people

Characteristics of officers that predict violence against black people

Learn About Police De-escalation Training Requirements in Your State

Learn About Police De-escalation Training Requirements in Your State

The problem with how police are trained

The problem with how police are trained

How the way police are currently trainined is ineffective

How the way police are currently trainined is ineffective

How police training in the US falls short compared to other countries

How police training in the US falls short compared to other countries

How training reduced police shootings in Richmond

How training reduced police shootings in Richmond

How procedural justice and fairness training impact perceptions of police

How procedural justice and fairness training impact perceptions of police

Recommendations for Improving Police Training

Recommendations for Improving Police Training

Readings

Learn About the Civil Asset Forfeiture Laws in Your State

Learn About the Civil Asset Forfeiture Laws in Your State

How police and the courts profit from low-income residents in St. Louis County

How police and the courts profit from low-income residents in St. Louis County

How profit incentives influence policing in Ferguson

How profit incentives influence policing in Ferguson

How to reform municipal courts in St. Louis to stop profiting off of low-income, black residents

How to reform municipal courts in St. Louis to stop profiting off of low-income, black residents

How to structure fines based on a person's ability to pay

How to structure fines based on a person's ability to pay

How police use civil asset forfeiture as a tool to increase revenue

How police use civil asset forfeiture as a tool to increase revenue

How Philadelphia police seize cash from poor, black people

How Philadelphia police seize cash from poor, black people

Analysis of Civil Forfeiture Cash Seizures

Analysis of Civil Forfeiture Cash Seizures

Different Ways Governments Pay Police Misconduct Settlements

Different Ways Governments Pay Police Misconduct Settlements

10 Largest Police Depts Paid $1B in Misconduct Settlements Over 5 Years

10 Largest Police Depts Paid $1B in Misconduct Settlements Over 5 Years

Readings

The origins of police militarization

The origins of police militarization

See the military equipment the federal government has given to police departments

See the military equipment the federal government has given to police departments

A police officer's perspective on militarization

A police officer's perspective on militarization

How police receive military weapons to combat drugs, not terrorism

How police receive military weapons to combat drugs, not terrorism

Key challenges in reversing police militarization

Key challenges in reversing police militarization

Best practices and models for demilitarizing police departments

Best practices and models for demilitarizing police departments

How SWAT raids have increased since the 1980's

How SWAT raids have increased since the 1980's

Study shows more militarized police are more likely to kill people

Study shows more militarized police are more likely to kill people

How Montana Is Addressing Police Militarization

How Montana Is Addressing Police Militarization

Another study finds police militarization contributes to killings by police.

Another study finds police militarization contributes to killings by police.

Readings

Analysis: Police Depts with More Problematic Police Union Contracts Are More Likely to Kill Unarmed Civilians

Analysis: Police Depts with More Problematic Police Union Contracts Are More Likely to Kill Unarmed Civilians

Campaign Zero Police Union Contract Recommendations for Columbus, OH

Campaign Zero Police Union Contract Recommendations for Columbus, OH

The role of police unions in blocking police reform

The role of police unions in blocking police reform

How police bills of rights prevent officers from being held accountable for police violence

How police bills of rights prevent officers from being held accountable for police violence

A history and overview of police officers' bills of rights

A history and overview of police officers' bills of rights

The case for police bills of rights

The case for police bills of rights

The special protections for police officers included in police bills of rights

The special protections for police officers included in police bills of rights

Cities with Police Union Contracts Are Half As Likely to Sustain An Excessive Force Complaint

Cities with Police Union Contracts Are Half As Likely to Sustain An Excessive Force Complaint

How police bills of rights impede accountability in 14 states

How police bills of rights impede accountability in 14 states

How Baltimore's police union contract impedes accountability

How Baltimore's police union contract impedes accountability

How police union contract provisions are not based on scientific evidence

How police union contract provisions are not based on scientific evidence

How police unions in Chicago negotiated contracts that shield officers from accountability

How police unions in Chicago negotiated contracts that shield officers from accountability

How Police Union Contracts Allow Fired Officers to Get Rehired

How Police Union Contracts Allow Fired Officers to Get Rehired

Review and Recommendations for Police Union Contracts

Review and Recommendations for Police Union Contracts

How police union contracts let arbitrators decide police discipline

How police union contracts let arbitrators decide police discipline